Extremely Elevated Room-Temperature Kinetic Isotope Effects Quantify the Critical Role of Barrier Width in Enzymatic C–H Activation
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† Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
‡ Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
§ California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences,University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,United States
# Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
J. Am. Chem. Soc., Article ASAP
DOI: 10.1021/ja502726s
Publication Date (Web): June 2, 2014
Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society
Abstract
The enzyme soybean lipoxygenase (SLO) has served as a prototype for hydrogen-tunneling reactions, as a result of its unusual kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) and their temperature dependencies. Using a synergy of kinetic, structural, and theoretical studies, we show how the interplay between donor–acceptor distance and active-site flexibility leads to catalytic behavior previously predicted by quantum tunneling theory. Modification of the size of two hydrophobic residues by site-specific mutagenesis in SLO reduces the reaction rate 104-fold and is accompanied by an enormous and unprecedented room-temperature KIE. Fitting of the kinetic data to a non-adiabatic model implicates an expansion of the active site that cannot be compensated by donor–acceptor distance sampling. A 1.7 Å resolution X-ray structure of the double mutant further indicates an unaltered backbone conformation, almost identical side-chain conformations, and a significantly enlarged active-site cavity. These findings show the compelling property of room-temperature hydrogen tunneling within a biological context and demonstrate the very high sensitivity of such tunneling to barrier width.
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