Geometric and Electronic Structure Contributions to Function in Non-heme Iron Enzymes
Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
Acc. Chem. Res., Article ASAP
DOI: 10.1021/ar400149m
Publication Date (Web): September 26, 2013
Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society
Abstract
Mononuclear
non-heme Fe (NHFe) enzymes play key roles in DNA repair, the
biosynthesis of antibiotics, the response to hypoxia, cancer therapy,
and many other biological processes. These enzymes catalyze a diverse
range of oxidation reactions, including hydroxylation, halogenation,
ring closure, desaturation, and electrophilic aromatic substitution
(EAS). Most of these enzymes use an FeII site to activate
dioxygen, but traditional spectroscopic methods have not allowed
researchers to insightfully probe these ferrous active sites. We have
developed a methodology that provides detailed geometric and electronic
structure insights into these NHFeII active sites. Using these data, we have defined a general mechanistic strategy that many of these enzymes use: they control O2 activation (and limit autoxidation and self-hydroxylation) by allowing FeII coordination unsaturation only in the presence of cosubstrates. Depending on the type of enzyme, O2 activation either involves a 2e– reduced FeIII–OOH intermediate or a 4e– reduced FeIV═O
intermediate. Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) has
provided the geometric structure of these intermediates, and magnetic
circular dichroism (MCD) has defined the frontier molecular orbitals
(FMOs), the electronic structure that controls reactivity. This Account
emphasizes that experimental spectroscopy is critical in evaluating the
results of electronic structure calculations. Therefore these data are a
key mechanistic bridge between structure and reactivity.
For the FeIII–OOH
intermediates, the anticancer drug activated bleomycin (BLM) acts as
the non-heme Fe analog of compound 0 in heme (e.g., P450) chemistry.
However BLM shows different reactivity: the low-spin (LS) FeIII–OOH can directly abstract a H atom from DNA. The LS and high-spin (HS) FeIII–OOHs
have fundamentally different transition states. The LS transition state
goes through a hydroxyl radical, but the HS transition state is
activated for EAS without O–O cleavage. This activation is important in
one class of NHFe enzymes that utilizes a HS FeIII–OOH intermediate in dioxygenation.
For FeIV═O
intermediates, the LS form has a π-type FMO activated for attack
perpendicular to the Fe–O bond. However, the HS form (present in the
NHFe enzymes) has a π FMO activated perpendicular to the Fe–O bond and a
σ FMO positioned along the Fe–O bond. For the NHFe enzymes, the
presence of π and σ FMOs enables enzymatic control in determining the
type of reactivity: EAS or H-atom extraction for one substrate with
different enzymes and halogenation or hydroxylation for one enzyme with
different substrates.
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